<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">njes</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Экономические системы</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Economic Systems</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2309-2076</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Дашков и К</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.29030/2309-2076-2025-18-2-29-41</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">njes-41</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THEORY AND METHODOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Комплексная классификация подходов к определению концепции цифровой экономики</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Comprehensive classification of approaches to defining the digital economy concept</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шорникова</surname><given-names>Н. Ю.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shornikova</surname><given-names>N. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Наталья Юрьевн а Шорникова – кандидат экономических наук, ученый секретарь Института экономики, математики и информационных технологий</p><p>Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalia Yu. Shornikova – Ph.D. in economic sciences, scientific secretary of the Institute of economics, mathematics and information technology</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nashornikova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Российская академия народного хозяйства и государственной службы при Президенте Российской Федерации</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>29</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Шорникова Н.Ю., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шорникова Н.Ю.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shornikova N.Y.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.njes.ru/jour/article/view/41">https://www.njes.ru/jour/article/view/41</self-uri><abstract><p>Исследование основан о на методе структурного анализа терминологии, сравнительно-сопоставительном методе и методе контент-анализа. В работе проанализировано большое количество определений понятия «цифровая экономика» зарубежных и отечественных ученых. Выявлены основные общие элементы разных подходов к трактовке понятия. Предложена комплексная классификация подходов к определению концепции цифровой экономики.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The research is based on the method of structural analysis of terminology, the comparative method and the method of content analysis. A wide range of definitions of the term «digital economy» proposed by both foreign and domestic scholars is examined. The main common elements of different approaches to the interpretation of the concept are identified. A comprehensive classification of approaches to defining the concept of the digital economy is proposed.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>концепция</kwd><kwd>цифровая экономика</kwd><kwd>цифровизация</kwd><kwd>информационные технологии</kwd><kwd>методологические подходы</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>concept</kwd><kwd>digital economy</kwd><kwd>digitalization</kwd><kwd>information technology</kwd><kwd>methodological approaches</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zelazny R. Information Society and Knowledge Economy – Essence and Key Relationships. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282249905_Information_Society_and_Knowledge_Economy_-_Essence_and_Key_Relationships (accessed: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zelazny R. Information Society and Knowledge Economy – Essence and Key Relationships. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282249905_Information_Society_and_Knowledge_Economy_-_Essence_and_Key_Relationships.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Porat M. The Information Economy. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Porat M. The Information Economy. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. Paperback, 1994. 368 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. Paperback, 1994. 368 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brynjolfsson E. Kahin B. Understanding the digital economy: data, tools, and research. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2000.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brynjolfsson E. Kahin B. Understanding the digital economy: data, tools, and research. Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2000.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carlsson B. The Digital Economy: what is new and what is not? URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb98/e394755800492b5ef6f5594c6c2a02c2402b.pdf (accessed: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carlsson B. The Digital Economy: what is new and what is not? URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bb98/e394755800492b5ef6f5594c6c2a02c2402b.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma S. Internet Economics. URL: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=PQZGJnKH4KwC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR11&amp;dq=McKnight+Internet+economics&amp;ots=Glf9CX2pht&amp;sig=XTdAwuHAaaMzQG8sCYLYaQoLODY#v=onepage&amp;q=McKnight%20Internet%20economics&amp;f=false (accessed: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma S. Internet Economics. URL: https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=PQZGJnKH4KwC&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PR11&amp;dq=McKnight+Internet+economics&amp;ots=Glf9CX2pht&amp;sig=XTdAwuHAaaMzQG8sCYLYaQoLODY#v=onepage&amp;q=McKnight%20Internet%20economics&amp;f=false.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Negroponte N. Being Digital. New York : Knopf, 1995. 243 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Negroponte N. Being Digital. New York : Knopf, 1995. 243 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1996. 342 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tapscott D. The Digital Economy: Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence. New York : McGraw-Hill, 1996. 342 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skilton M. Building the Digital Enterprise A Guide to Constructing Monetization Models Using Digital Technologies. Springer, 2016.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skilton M. Building the Digital Enterprise A Guide to Constructing Monetization Models Using Digital Technologies. Springer, 2016.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rouse M. Digital Economy. Techtarget, Newton, MA, 2016. URL: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/digital-economy (accessed: 01.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rouse M. Digital Economy. Techtarget, Newton, MA, 2016. URL: http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/digital-economy.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Advancing Australia as a Digital Economy: An Update to the National Digital Economy Strategy, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, Canberra, 2013. URL: http://apo.org.au/node/34523 (accessed: 01.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Advancing Australia as a Digital Economy: An Update to the National Digital Economy Strategy, Department of Broadband, Communications and the Digital Economy, Canberra, 2013. URL: http://apo.org.au/node/34523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">British Computer Society. The Digital Economy, British Computer Society. London, 2014. URL: https://policy.bcs.org/sites/policy.bcs.org/files/digital%20economy%20Final%20version_0.pdf (accessed: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">British Computer Society. The Digital Economy, British Computer Society. London, 2014. URL: https://policy.bcs.org/sites/policy.bcs.org/files/digital%20economy%20Final%20version_0.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Digital Economy, House of Commons Business, Innovation and Skills // House of Commons. Committee, London, 2016. URL: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmbis/87/87.pdf (accessed: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Digital Economy, House of Commons Business, Innovation and Skills. House of Commons. Committee, London, 2016. URL: https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201617/cmselect/cmbis/87/87.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative // G20 Digital Economy Task Force. 2016. URL: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2016/g20-digitaleconomy-developmentand-cooperation.pdf (accessed: 11.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative // G20 Digital Economy Task Force. 2016. URL: http://www.g20.utoronto.ca/2016/g20-digitaleconomy-developmentand-cooperation.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brynjolfsson E., Kahin B. Understanding the Digital Economy: Data, Tools, and Research. Massachusetts, and London. England : The MIT Press, 2000. 408 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brynjolfsson E., Kahin B. Understanding the Digital Economy: Data, Tools, and Research. Massachusetts, and London. England : The MIT Press, 2000. 408 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johansson B., Karlsson Ch., Stough R. The Emerging Digital Economy: Entrepreneurship, Clusters, and Policy. Berlin : Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2006. 352 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johansson B., Karlsson Ch., Stough R. The Emerging Digital Economy: Entrepreneurship, Clusters, and Policy. Berlin : Springer Science &amp; Business Media, 2006. 352 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carlsson B. The Digital Economy: what is new and what is not? // Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 2004. № 15 (3). P. 245–264.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carlsson B. The Digital Economy: what is new and what is not? Structural Change and Economic Dynamics. 2004;(15(3)):245-264.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skilton M. Building the Digital Enterprise: A Guide to Constructing Monetization Models Using Digital Technologies. Berlin: Springer, 2015. 230 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skilton M. Building the Digital Enterprise: A Guide to Constructing Monetization Models Using Digital Technologies. Berlin : Springer, 2015. 230 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сударушкина И.В., Стефанова Н.А. Цифровая экономика // АНИ: экономика и управление. 2017. Т. 6. № 1 (18). С. 182–184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sudarushkina I.V., Stefanova N.A. The digital economy. ANI: economics and management. 2017;6(1(18)):182-184. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Асанов Р.К. Формирование концепции цифровой экономики в современной науке // Социально-экономические науки и гуманитарные исследования. 2016. № 15. С. 143–148.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Asanov R.K. Formation of the digital economy concept in modern science. Socio-economic sciences and humanitarian studies. 2016;(15):143-148. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дьяченко О.В. Дефиниция категории «цифровая экономика» в зарубежной и отечественной экономической науке // Экономическое возрождение России. 2019. № 1 (59). С. 86–98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dyachenko O.V. Definition of the category digital economy in foreign and domestic economics. The economic revival of Russia. 2019;(1(59)):86-98. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головенчик Г.Г. Цифровизация белорусской экономики в современных условиях глобализации. Минск : Изд. Центр БГУ, 2019. 257 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovenchik G.G. Digitalization of the Belarusian economy in modern conditions of globalization. Minsk : Publishing House of the BSU Center, 2019. 257 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Купчишина Е.В. Эволюция концепций цифровой экономики как феномена неэкономики // Государственное управление. Электронный вестник. 2018. № 68. С. 426–444.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kupchishina E.V. Evolution of concepts of digital economy as a phenomenon of noneconomics. Public administration. Electronic bulletin. 2018;(68):426-444. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Программа развития цифровой экономики в Российской Федерации до 2035 года. URL: http://spkurdyumov.ru/uploads/2017/05/strategy.pdf (дата обращения 24.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Program for the development of the digital economy in the Russian Federation until 2035. URL: http://spkurdyumov.ru/uploads/2017/05/strategy.pdf. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусов Ю.В., Тимофеева О.И. Методология определения цифровой экономики // Мир новой экономики. 2019. № 13 (3). C. 79–89. DOI: 10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-4-79-89.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belousov Yu.V., Timofeeva O.I. Methodology for determining the digital economy. The world of the new economy. 2019;(3(3)):79-89. DOI: 10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-4-79-89. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бондаренко В.М. Мировоззренческий подход к формированию, развитию и реализации «цифровой экономики» // Современные ИТ и ИТ-образование. 2017. № 1. С. 237–251.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bondarenko V.M. A philosophical approach to the formation, development and implementation of the «digital economy». Modern IT and IT education. 2017;(1):237-251. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зверева А.А., Беляева Ж.С., Сохаг К. Влияние цифровизации экономики на благосостояние в развитых и развивающихся странах // Экономика региона. 2019. № 4. С. 1050–1062. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-tsifrovizatsii-ekonomiki-na-blagosostoyaniev-razvityh-i-razvivayuschihsya-stranah (дата обращения: 29.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zvereva A.A., Belyaeva J.S., Sohag K. The impact of economic digitalization on well-being in developed and developing countries. The economy of the region. 2019;(4):1050-1062. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-tsifrovizatsii-ekonomiki-na-blagosostoyanie-vrazvityh-i-razvivayuschihsya-stranah. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кульков В.М. Цифровая экономика: надежды и иллюзии // Философия хозяйства. 2017. № 5. С. 145–156.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulkov V.M. Digital economy: hopes and illusions. Philosophy of Economy. 2017;(5): 145-156. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лапидус Л.В. BIG DATA, Sharing Economy, «Интернет вещей», роботизация: взгляд в будущее российского бизнеса // Перспективы развития электронного бизнеса и электронной коммерции : материалы III Межфакультетской науч.-практ. конф. молодых ученых : доклады и выступления. Москва, 2017. С. 5–24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lapidus L.V. BIG DATA, Sharing Economy, Internet of Things, robotics: a look into the future of Russian business. Prospects for the development of e-business and e-commerce : proceedings of the III Interfaculty Scientific and Practical Conference of Young Scientists : reports and speeches. Moscow, 2017. Р. 5–24. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юдина Т.Н. Цифровизация в контексте сопряженности Евразийского экономического союза и Экономического пояса Шелкового пути // Философия хозяйства. 2016. № 4. С. 161–174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yudina T.N. Digitalization in the context of the interconnection of the Eurasian Economic Union and the Silk Road Economic Belt. Philosophy of Economy. 2016;(4):161-174. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ведута Е.Н., Джакубова Т.Н. Стратегии цифровой экономики // Государственное управление. Электронный вестник. 2017. № 63. С. 43–66. URL: http://e-journal.spa.msu.ru/uploads/vestnik/2017/vipusk__63._avgust_2017_g./strategii_zifrovoi_ekonomiki/veduta_dzhakubova.pdf (дата обращения: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veduta E.N., Dzhakubova T.N. Digital economy strategies. Public administration. Electronic bulletin. 2017;(63):43-66. URL: http://e-journal.spa.msu.ru/uploads/vestnik/2017/vipusk__63._avgust_2017_g./strategii_zifrovoi_ekonomiki/veduta_dzhakubova.pdf. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Институты в условиях трансформации экономики : монография / А.П. Буевич [и др.] ; под ред. О.В. Карамовой, А.П. Буевич. Москва : Прометей, 2021. 262 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Institutions in the context of economic transformation: a monograph / A.P. Buevich [et al.] ; ed. by O.V. Karamova, A.P. Buevich. Moscow : Prometheus, 2021. 262 p. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бухт Р., Хикс Р. Определение, концепция и измерение цифровой экономики // Вестник международных организаций. 2018. Т. 13, № 2. С. 143–172 (на русском и английском языках).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bukht R., Hicks R. Definition, concept and measurement of the digital economy. Bulletin of International Organizations. 2018;13(2):143-172 (in Russian and English).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kling R., Lamb R. IT and Organizational Change in Digital Economies. Understanding the Digital Economy / E. Brynjolfsson, B. Kahin (eds). Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000. P. 295–324.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kling R., Lamb R. IT and Organizational Change in Digital Economies. Understanding the Digital Economy / E. Brynjolfsson, B. Kahin (eds). Cambridge : MIT Press, 2000. P. 295–324.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mesenbourg T.L. Measuring the Digital Economy, US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. 2001. URL: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/workingpapers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf (accessed: 01.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mesenbourg T.L. Measuring the Digital Economy, US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. 2001. URL: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/workingpapers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Challenges for Competition Policy in a Digitalised Economy. Brussels : European Parliament, 2015. URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542235/IPOL_STU(2015)542235_EN.pdf (accessed: 11.04.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Challenges for Competition Policy in a Digitalised Economy. Brussels : European Parliament, 2015. URL: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2015/542235/IPOL_STU(2015)542235_EN.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mesenbourg T.L. Measuring the Digital Economy, US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. 2001. URL: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf (accessed: 01.03.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mesenbourg T.L. Measuring the Digital Economy, US Bureau of the Census, Suitland, MD. 2001. URL: https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2001/econ/umdigital.pdf.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щепина И.Н., Бородина А.А. Цифровая экономика как одна из моделей развития постиндустриального общества // Вестник ВГУ. Серия: экономика и управление. 2019. № 2. С. 97–105.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchepina I.N., Borodina A.A. Digital economy as one of the models of post-industrial society development. Bulletin of the VSU. Series: Economics and management. 2019;(2):97-105. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исмагилов И.И., Алсаиед Г. Цифровая экономика: компонентный анализ определений понятия // Дискуссия. 2023. Вып. 119. С. 6–16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ismagilov I.I., Alsayed G. Digital economy: a component analysis of definitions of the concept. Discussion. 2023;(119):6-16. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
